오토 딕스(Otto Dix), 독일, 화가, 1891-1969
"세상에는 설명이 불필요한 것들이 존재한다. 나는 철학자가 아니다. 나에겐 말보다 행위가 더 중요하다. 나는 현실에 실재하는 것들과 진실을 위해 말할 것들을 그림으로 보여 준다."
전장에서 겪은 참상과 전쟁으로 야기된 도시의 비극을 잔인하리만치 생생하게 묘사한 20세기 초 독일 신즉물주의(Neue Sachlichkeit) 화가다.
그는 반표현주의 운동의 대표였지만 표현주의를 포함한 그의 회화와 에칭에 수많은 스타일을 포함시켰다. 그의 작품은 다다이즘, 입체주의, 미래주의의 영향을 받았으며, 이 모든 것은 그의 풍자적이고, 야만적인 스타일을 형성했다.
그는 현실주의자였기에 그림 안에 있는 메시지를 전가하거나 전달하기 전에 모든 것을 직접 경험해야 할 필요성을 느꼈고 제1차 세계 대전에 자발적으로 참여해 전쟁의 세월을 기록하며 마카브레 전투 장면, 폭격된 땅, 그리고 포격당한 동지들을 묘사한 엽서를 보내기도 했다.
그는 이때 전쟁에 관한 스케치와 드로잉 등 600여 점을 그렸고, 전쟁의 참상은 그의 미술 세계를 결정하는 중요한 계기가 된다.
그는 표현주의적인 양식으로 사회를 극단적인 상황으로까지 몰고 간 비참한 현실을 적나라하게 표현함으로써 인간의 본질을 집요하게 파고든 휴머니스트로도 평가되고 있다. 전쟁의 한복판에서 시대의 모순을 그렸던 작가. 그의 그림 속 메시지는 현재에도 유효하다.
About Him
German artist Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix is best known for paintings and prints filled with anguished, exploited human figures representing the turmoil of his time. He lived during the most tumultuous period of modern German history, from World War I through World War II and the division of Germany after its defeat. This fed his deep-rooted interest in dark social contexts and the human types that emerge from them. As he remarked, “You have to see man in an unbridled state in order to know something about him.”
A committed and sought-after portraitist at a time when photography had largely replaced painted portraits, Dix depicted fellow artists and other members of Germany’s cultural bohemia, as well as various professionals and patrons of the arts. His portraits include Dr. Mayer-Hermann, in which he pictured a renowned throat specialist in a manner that seems to run counter to the conventional portrayal of doctors as healers. With its frontality, large scale, sparse setting, and array of frightening, circular instruments—the shapes of which echo the doctor's own round body and face—the artist creates a seemingly satirical effect.
Much of Dix’s work associated with German Expressionism was informed by his four years of frontline service in World War I as an artillery gunner. He witnessed casualties, destruction, and senseless violence, and translated these experiences into visual expressions of despondency in his paintings and prints. Made 10 years after the conflict began, The War (Der Krieg), a cycle of 50 etchings, aquatints, and drypoints, unflinchingly shows the horrors of trench warfare and the aftermath of battle, featuring dead, dying, and shell-shocked soldiers, bombed-out landscapes, and graves.
In his figurative work after World War I, Dix veered toward social satire, developing a grotesque, exaggerated aesthetic associated with the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) movement, whose artists sought to unsentimentally portray the social and political realities of the Weimar Republic. In Die Skatspieler (Skat Players), he depicts three World War I veterans with grossly distorted features, emphasizing their war-damaged bodies by foregrounding their amputated and prosthetic limbs and their deformed faces, framed by newspapers and playing cards. These disfigured veterans appear as composites of human flesh and artificial body parts, showing the devastating toll of war. In addition to wounded veterans, Dix also focused on gaudily dressed ladies of the night, stating, “I had the feeling that there was a dimension of reality that had not been dealt with in art: the dimension of ugliness.”
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